Bivalves have a hard shell made of minerals, typically layers of calcite and aragonite. The shell has two halves (valves) connected by a flexible ligament hinge. Powerful muscles contract to close the valves into a tight fit. Teeth along the edges of each valve interlock to keep them from sliding apart if the bivalve is attacked by a predator. The pattern of teeth, because it is often species-specific, is one feature used to identify bivalves. The shell grows over time, using calcium taken up from seawater or ingested food. Bivalves have no heads at all, and a flattened foot. The foot is shaped for wedging into sand, explaining why bivalves have also been called pelecypods (hatchet-feet). To keep from getting moved by water currents, bivalves tend to attach themselves to hard surfaces or burrow into sediments. They burrow by probing down with the foot (lengthening) and then retracting it (shortening) to tug the shell downward.

Most bivalves filter food with their gills, then transport it to their mouths. While still used to get oxygen, their gills are modified to also act as food strainers. Typically, a special tube called a siphon serves as a straw to suck water through the bivalve's gills, and another siphon lets the water out after filtering has occurred. Tiny grooves in the gills are covered with hair-like cilia that trap particles passing by, such as microscopic plants (phytoplankton). Particles not accepted as food are sent to where they can be purged from the shell. Particles accepted as food are wiped off the gills by flaps (palps) and sent on to the bivalve's mouth. From there they travel to its complex stomach, where more cilia sort it out by size. Some bivalves are scavengers, scraping food from the sea bottom, or sucking in crustaceans or other prey with their siphons.

Mollusks have soft bodies (mollis = soft) with no internal skeleton. They hold their shape by internal water pressure (a hydrostatic skeleton). A muscular skin-like structure called the mantle covers the back of a mollusk, protecting its mass of internal body organs (viscera). Most mollusks also have a hard shell or at least some hard plates over the mantle. Shells are made of a protein matrix holding together crystals of calcium carbonate. Under those layers is a calcium-containing third layer that in some species is shiny mother-of-pearl. This layered structure makes for a strong shell that protects the soft parts from predators and provides a site for muscle attachment. Most mollusks move their bodies slowly using a muscular structure called the foot to creep along, stick to, or burrow into surfaces, although some mollusks (e.g. squid and scallops) swim.

Most mollusks have a "radula", a ribbon made of chitin with rows of teeth (denticles). The radula is always used to feed, but how it is used varies widely. Radulas are specialized to the diets of mollusks, which range from fully carnivorous to entirely herbivorous. The radula may be used to filter, scrape, crush, cut, or stab, depending what food is eaten. Predatory murexes use the radula to drill holes into other mollusks, whereas limpets use it to scrape algae off rocks. The shape of the radula and denticles can be used to figure out what mollusk it came from. Nudibranchs that feed on corals have long, skinny denticles for scraping the thin layer of flesh off the coral skeleton. Queen conchs have a comb-like radula with thousands of tiny denticles for filtering small food from the water. Regardless, as denticles wear away, they are continuously replaced from top to bottom.